Molding Korean Craftsmanship: Goryeo Celadon
Introduction
Smooth and graceful bottles, jugs, ewers, and vessels glazed in cool gray-green hues gleam elegantly. Etched with intricate motifs of bamboo, peonies, chrysanthemums, cranes, and clouds, this verdant ceramic earthenware, called celadon, holds a rich history of Korean craftsmanship.
History
Initially produced in China, celadon increased in demand and popularity, reaching Korea in the 9th century CE. During the Goryeo dynasty (918-1392), celadon was the most prolific ceramic produced in the Korean peninsula. Korean ceramic vessels (maebyeong) were highly sought after by elites across Asia, and many celadons were displayed in royal Korean tombs.
Creation Process
Modifying Chinese technology, Korean potters produced a distinct style of celadon. They molded the celadon vessels from iron-rich clay and mixed a translucent glaze containing iron oxide, manganese oxide, and quartz. To acquire the signature blue-green celadon color, Goryeo craftsmen developed a dual-process firing system with traditional mud kilns, rather than the brick kilns Chinese artisans used. They first practiced bisque firing, which dehydrated the vessels, stabilizing them for easier malleability. Next, they fired the ware in a low-oxygen environment to create the green tone and glossy texture.
Ornamentation
As the Goryeo dynasty continued, Korean artisans developed a uniquely Korean celadon aesthetic through form, color, and ornamentation. Molds were utilized to form shapes and impress patterns onto the ceramic. Vessel shapes included plates, bowls, cups, incense burners, flower vases, tiles, cosmetic cases, and more. Common decorative designs were flowers, particularly lotuses and peonies, and birds, primarily cranes and parrots. Crafting methods, such as incision technique and latticed openwork, adorned the vessels with linear motifs.
Significance
Beyond its sheening beauty, celadon ceramics were deeply incorporated into the culture of the Korean people. Embedded in meals, lifestyle, beauty, decoration, architecture, religion, and ceremonies, celadon remained an essential and beautiful piece of life and death in the Goryeo dynasty.
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